Newly discovered genes illuminate immune system development

Scientists at UCLA have discovered more than 3,000 previously unknown genes in a poorly understood part of the genome. These genes, found in rare cells in bone marrow and in the thymus, give scientists a new understanding of how the human immune system develops.

The findings were published yesterday in the journal Nature Immunology.

“The genes we found are called long non-coding RNAs, or LncRNAs,” said Gay Crooks, co-director of the UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center, a member of the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and co-senior author of the study. “They make up much of what we used to think of as the ‘dark matter’ of our genome because, unlike the better-known messenger RNA genes, they do not produce proteins. The function of LncRNAs is not well-known but it is becoming increasingly apparent that they are not inert; they have a critical role in controlling how other genes function.”

Researchers used the UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center’s state-of-the-art cell isolation and genetic sequencing technologies and sophisticated bioinformatics to identify the elusive LncRNA genes. The team was led by Crooks, co-senior author Chintan Parekh (now with Children’s Hospital Los Angeles) and first author David Casero.

The team isolated rare blood-forming stem cells and progenitor cells from adult human bone marrow and thymus gland tissue. They then separated the genetic information in the cells using sequencing technology. Lastly, Casero applied bioinformatics, a method that uses sophisticated software to gather and understand biological data, to identify and analyze the LncRNAs in the cells.

“Our findings are exciting because they provide a huge and unique resource for the whole immunology community,” said Casero, an assistant researcher in the UCLA department of pathology and laboratory medicine. “We will now be able to drill down on the specific LncRNA genes that seem to be most important at each stage of immune cell development and understand how they function individually and together to control the process.”

The discovery of LncRNAs is unique because they do not produce proteins, unlike the genes that have been more thoroughly researched in other studies. While the stem cells and progenitor cells the team studied make up less than 1 percent of the bone marrow and thymus, the genes they contain are critical to generating the cells of the immune system.

“If we can understand how the immune system is generated and maintained during life, we can find ways to improve production of immune cells for potential therapies after chemotherapy, radiation and bone marrow transplant, or for patients with HIV and inherited immune deficiencies,” said Crooks. “In addition, by understanding the genes that control this process we can better understand how they are changed in cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.”

Cover image: genome.jpg

References

DOI: 10.1038/ni.3299

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